Frustrated voices, suffering voices, indignant voices, afore-silenced voices, rightly righteous voices, critical voices are slowly building into a deafening crescendo against the lamentably poor, marginally legitimate, peripherally criminal health practices in present-day Somaliland.
In the late 80’s and early 90s, one could say wars left existing facilities in shambles. Reasonable. After two decades, Somaliland health facilities have physically improved but systematically waste lives by the minute. That is quite unreasonable – if not criminal.
At the best of times, everywhere in the world, health-related mistakes happen. Lives are lost to a number of reasons – justified and unjustified. It is what is being done about curtailing an unnecessary loss of life, distress, negligence, mismanagement, criminal practices and the proliferation of bogus clinical facilities with their bogus ‘doctors’ which, ultimately, saves lives or loses them.
In Somaliland – as the case in Somalia, accountability to the public or government on the part of health facilities and health personnel is unknown. The situation has reached a stage where lives do not matter at all. Where white, health workers’ gowns mean, to many, death and/or deprivation of health rights, not salvation and relief. Somaliland health facilities have turned into paying ‘hostels’ for the suffering without, ironically, the least benefit of an accompanying, reliable health care or system and round-the-clock treatment as to be expected. Poor value, careless or outright criminal ‘treatment’ is the norm of the day. The Dollar rules the day. The ‘reaper’ takes over the rest.
Malpractice ?
Not all medical facilities are shipshape. Not all health services are hundred percent perfect. But, at the least, some try. If they fail, there are no regrets.
What about those many others that neither try nor hide the fact?
In Somaliland, major health-related problems which have surfaced thus far abound. They can be grouped into several major heads. Common conditions at hospitals in the capital, itself, and the undeniable situation that is starkly visible even to the least initiated but observant
Common conditions at hospitals in the capital, itself, and the undeniable situation that is starkly visible even to the least initiated but observant eye, suffice. The situation may vary in degrees. On a scoreboard of 1-10, one may conclude that none of them scale up beyond 5.
Surveys conducted in the United States, report that, yearly, millions of lives are avoidably lost due to either hospital-acquired infections, boggled/mistaken surgeries, wrong prescriptions, overdose, anesthesia administration, mistreatments, misdiagnosis, misused equipment, treating the wrong patient with wrong medication, fake doctors and bogus nurses administering drugs that make the sick sicker – sometimes speeding him to the burial place or to outright health personnel negligence. It is horrifying to imagine what can happen in a place like Somaliland where a human life is valued far less than a pilfered Dollar.
Misread, miswritten prescriptions, deaths under needless surgical knives, inordinately disproportionate sedation, bogus or boggled up operations and intentionally overlooked, ignored operation cases often account for more fatalities than all the rest put together. In all of the preceding instances, there is a money angle involved. Prescriptions, such as the one below is designed to take money to the pharmacy owned by the doctor or the institution he works for. As surgeries earn money for the doctors, the anesthesiologists, and the nurses, patients often end up on a paid operating table after exhausting a convoluted round of meaningless tests and hundreds of wasted hard cash.
Imagine how many similar ‘line-and-dash’ prescriptions arrive at that pharmacy. Stranger is the fact that ten people each handing over the counter look-alike, line-and-dash prescriptions given ten different types of drugs. How on earth is that possible? It is possible in Somaliland.
Imagine, too, the unregulated ‘counterfeit’ products filling the shelves behind the ill-educated ‘pharmacist’, and the heaps of plastic bags waiting under the counter to be filled up for the people lining up on the street side of the counter with their ‘line-and-dash’ prescriptions.
If mistakes and scores of others happen in the developed world, there is nothing to prevent them and dozens of others to repeat themselves in Somaliland medical places by the second. We submit deaths to fate and do not look at the circumstances. Patients carrying conversations with their visitors or relatives by their bedside die right after being given one drug or another. People die under sedation by the tens.
People who can afford to go abroad are treated of the ‘medication’ given them at home more than any real ailment. The not-so-lucky die slowly and painfully under the mercy of the unscrupulous.
It is horrifying to imagine what can only happen in a place like Somaliland where a human life is valued far less than a pilfered Dollar – where prying into these matters can land one in jail or in ‘injuries’ if not in a coffin.
The purpose of this article is to correct, not to criticise.
Managerial Control & Structure
Management: At the Hargeisa Group Hospital and Gargaar, for instance, hospital managerial staff are almost invisible. In-Patients are cared for more by relatives than an existing system. Visitors are not restricted. Cleanliness is not a top priority.
Resident doctors are a rarity. One gets hold of one in a crisis more on personal connections than on following a regimented schedule or system. It is quite impossible to find one in the late evenings until the next morning.
There is no control over nurses and nursing duties. No law or policy to put doctors and their assistants under strict supervision and control.
There is absolutely no accountability and no punishment for criminal negligences and intentionally perpetrated acts of horror on patients.
Paying Patients: More emphasis is placed on prompt payment at payment wards than public health care. Some of the rooms are more expensive than 70% – if not more – of fairly-equipped, modern hotel rooms in Hargeisa. At Gargaar, for instance, one notice paper splattered on all the corridors reminds sick inpatients that beds are not for free, and payment should be attended to without fail. At the Hargeisa Group Hospital, there are more payment wards springing up than public wards turning the joke of free national health services on the public.
Even at the public wards at the Hargeisa Group Hospital – government facility, a patient has to buy a strip of aspirin, gauzes, drugs, laboratory tests all the way to the operating table. Only at the HGH one can find rooms called the V.I.P. where top paying patients are checked into – TV and all.
Revenue realized through proceeds from room rentals, laboratories, imaging, consultations, pharmaceuticals, etc. by the HGH per month is not available. One can, however, make a credible guesstimate by adding up the flow of hard currency into the hands of the cashiers (legitimate) and operators (illegitimate). Neither revenue is accounted for in a transparent way as register books/journals/ledgers are not regularly inspected by any external auditors and other authorities.
Amond the richest people in Hargeisa, these days, doubtlessly, are doctors and people posing as doctors: high-rise buildings, expensive cars, large tracts of land, etc.
Nursing: First-year, second-year and third-year ‘university’ students take over nursing duties in the afternoons and evenings without supervision on the expense of ailing patients, patients in pain consequently causing uncharted, unregistered, un-retributed deaths and disasters.
Almost all the universities and institutes, in Hargeisa have crossed the line. Only Manhal keeps such practices out (of course, they will attempt to deny).
Catheters fixed wrongly can give infections an easy passage into the body. Look-alike tubes. Dirty hands do the same. There are varieties of tubing used for medical purposes which are interchangeable. On many an occasion, even the trained can mistakenly connect a feeding tube to an intravenous line (IV), leading to suffocation.
One can only imagine what happens when a child-student with no medical treatment experience poses as a learned hospital hand, or ‘doctor’ wielding syringes or fixing tubes or advising on doses.
This happens at all the hospitals in Hargeisa and elsewhere, with the Hargeisa Group Hospital (HGH) giving a field day to the greatest number of these unchaperoned kids.
Professionality
The National Health Professions Commission (NHPC) was into operation in June 2014 on a presidential decree drawing on the Health Regulatory Act 19/2001 which was passed by the parliament in 1999.
Some of the core, mandated functions of this statutory body, among others, include:
- Register and Licence health practitioners, provide guidance and directions while monitoring their professional conduct and Continues Educational Development.
- Register and license all health care facilities (both public and private) and evaluate them periodically to assure the fulfillment of health regulatory standards.
- Investigate complaints, malpractice, and misconducts of health professionals and health care facilities and take disciplinary actions.
Anybody in Hargeisa and the other main cities in Somaliland can tell you none of the above three have been fully implemented. The NHPC is hampered by limited technical and professional capacity, it has been said.
The first half of the first of the three tasks above has been partially undertaken. The monitoring part has not been conducted. So are the two other points: monitoring, evaluation, taking disciplinary action, investigation and taking action on malpractices, misconduct and misrepresentation of the profession would have become a thing of the past if those functions were followed through.
On the same taken, lawsuits on non-compliance of standards are yet to appear in the justice system of Somaliland despite the professional recommendations of reports such as that in the Assessment of the private health sector in Somaliland, Puntland and Central Somalia of 2015 (Buckley, O’Neil & Aden). Unless culprits within the medical profession are held culpable for their crimes and accordingly punished, the waste of life by the second in the hands of quacks and ruthless money-churners will continue.
Medical Services:
Below are some services and departments without which no half-decent hospital can operate. At the HGH, some are in place. Some are not.
The table below defines a few. It states their functions, current status at the, for example, HGH, and how that status affects patients and the population at large. The ‘comment’ column suggests improvements needed, too.
| Servive/Department | Function | Status | Comment | |
| Emergency & Accidents | · Provides emergency treatment to patients in emergcy cases.
· Decides if there is need for hospital admission · Provides treatment to casualties of accidents, fire, beating, etc. etc. |
It exists in one form or another in most hospitals | · Availibility of doctors is subject to time of day/evening, presence of management, personal acquaintance, etc.
· No medicine or medication availed without cost |
|
| Diagnostic Imaging (X-Ray++) | · General radiography (X-ray scans)
· Mammography (breast scans) · angiography(X-ray of blood vessels) · Interventional radiology (minimally invasive procedures, eg to treat narrowed arteries) · CT scanning (scans that show cross sections of the body) · MRI scanning (3D scans using magnetic and radio waves). |
Available with limited services provided | Correct reading must come with scanning | |
| Anesthetics | · Provides pre-operation sedation to patients going to surgery
· Pain relief to patients suffering trauma, arthritis, etc. |
Available | Methods and equipment/tools used questionable | |
| Cardiology | Provides medical care to patients who have problems with their heart or circulation | Available in some, such as Gargaar
Not available as a department at HGH |
Few qualified doctors. | |
| Breast Screening | Screens patients for breast cancer, decides on stage, sends patient to referral/surgery/therapy where necessary | NA | Cancer has become more in Somaliland in past decade or so rampant for undefined reasons. Undiscovered Breast cancer accounts for much of this. | |
| Crtitical Care/ICU | Puts patients in critical conditions on intensive care | Available at HGH | · Specialist doctors on 24-hour duty not provided.
· Nurses stay on duty · Inadequate facilities and room · No sterilized environment for each patient |
|
| General surgery | To perform services such as:
· laparoscopic cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal) · endoscopy · Breast surgery. · day surgery · Thyroid surgery · Kidney, liver transplants · colon surgery |
Very few of the services expected of a fully-fledged surgical department are available. | Somalis who can afford go to India nowadays for more advanced diagnosis and treatment. | |
| Haematology | To treat blood-related diseases | The blood bank is the closest thing to this service. | Is anybody even aware of how many lives could have been saved by the services. | |
| Maternity, Paediatric Department | Maternity wards provide:
· Maternity care · Child-birth/delivery · Child-care · Antenatal care · Care during childbirth · Postnatal support · Monitoring for both routine and complicated pregnancies.
|
Available | This department works well at the HGH. Patients complain of uncaring nurses on occasion. There had been cases of forced labor/birth reported.
Again, strict supervision is lacking here. |
|
| Microbiology | To look at bacterial and viral infections, prevent them and/or identify them for treatment | NA | This department is essential to all major hospitals. | |
| Neurology | Deals with disorders of the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord | NA | No wide choice is available. Some doctors charge a suffering patient US$30 for stepping in into the consultation room. Imagine what other forbidding figures follow. | |
| Obstetrics and gynaecology | To provide consultation, treatment to women on:
· Antenatal and postnatal care · Prenatal diagnosis · Maternal and foetal surveillance · Colposcopy · Laser therapy or · Hysteroscopy for abnormal cervical cells · Psychosexual counselling · Recurrent miscarriage |
Few of the services are available to a limited extent. | Some of the services such a department can perform are unheard of at Somaliland hospitals despite the very critical roles they play in women/child care | |
| Radiotherapy | Provides radiotherapy (X-ray) treatment for conditions such as malignant tumors and cancer | NA | This department is a must. early warning signs of cancer is unavailable. Cancer is becomuing killer No. 1 in Somaliland. | |
| Orthopedics | · Treat problems that affect the musculoskeletal system .
· Deal with everything from setting bone fractures to carrying out surgery to correct problems such as torn ligaments and hip replacements. · Orthopaedic trauma includes fractures and dislocations as well as musculoskeletal injuries to soft tissues |
Available | Equipment and tools used need updating | |
| Ophthalmology | ideally provides:
· General eye-related treatments · Laser treatments · optometry (sight testing) · Orthoptics (non-surgical treatments, eg for squints) · Prosthetic eye services · Ophthalmic imaging (eye scans) |
Not all services are available | Need to provide treatments and related services.
Cost to do so is not much and would save foreign currency for country. |
|
| Oncology | Provides:
· Radiotherapy · Full range of chemotherapy treatments for cancerous tumors and blood disorders · Has close links with surgical and medical teams in other departments |
NA | Specialist doctors and nurses must be trained for this and other related department such as radioloy and surgery | |
| Sexual health | Ideally provides:
· Free and confidential serviceon sexually-related maladies/diseases · Advises, tests and treats all sexually transmitted infections (STIs) · Attends to matters relating to family planning care · Pregnancy testing and advice. · Provides consultation and treatment on other sexual and genital problems |
Available to a limited extent | Department needs to be brought to the open | |
| Urology | Department investigates all areas linked to kidney and bladder-based problems.
The department performs: · Flexible cystoscopy bladder checks · Urodynamic studies (eg for incontinence) · Prostate assessments and biopsies · Shockwave lithotripsy to break up kidney stones |
Limited availability | Department needs to be fully developed | |
Departments such as catering, pharmacy, cleaning and laundry, accounts and outpatient services exist. Like the rest, these need to be improved and developed to make them serve hospital objectives and the optimisation of health/medical services.
Accountability
There is none. A Board of Directors is nominally named for the Hargeisa Group Hospital which exists, these days, only in name. None (that is known) exist for other health facilities such as Manhal, Gargaar and National.
Recommendation
- Over-arching regulations governing both private and public health providers must be revised to cover all possible loopholes and angles
- A policing unit to undertake impromptu investigations and supervision tours at all health facilities must be introduced. The ‘hows’ are for the authorities.
- Thorough investigation that cross check with institutions cited for credentials must be carried out on new applicants for medical practice before they are issued licenses
- No student must be allowed tp practise on patients in hospitals
- All universities that are found to be flaunting, contravening rules on best practices or permitting students to play on people’s lives in hospitals must be immediately taken out of commission and charged with criminal negligence
- Likewise, health institutions that permit such nefarious practices must be re-examined and responsible officials severely punished
- Doctors using the ‘line-and-dash’ prescription lines as fictitious codes must be discredited and their licenses withdrawn, immediately – no matter who they are, or how well they are connected. Lives matter more than the lining of their pockets.
- The Quality Commission must act independently of other sister organisations overseeing quality to provide check and balance
- The import of counterfeit drugs and other medical products must be criminalised
- Hospitals must be counter-checked for provision of services cited, who provides them, how, and where )environment: consultation rooms, equipment, space, cleanliness, time provided, etc.)
- High value for fees charged, drugs bought must be maintained
- Public health facilities must – to an extent – provide free medical services/treatment to the general public. No stone must be left unturned, in return, to assist such facilities on the provision of free drugs and treatment. Misappropriation and pilferage of funds, drugs, equipment, etc. in said facilities must result in most severe punishment and stiff sentences
- No medical facility must be licensed without an active BOD ultimately responsible for the facility
- A thorough national assessment and a more thorough investigation must be immediately carried out. External assistance must be sought for objectivity.
By Suleiman Abdurahim